Is The Medium Still The Message - 2186 Words

Tanner Roark Prof. Robert O’bert English 1302-WC4 7 August 2016 Is the Medium Still the Message? Newspapers have traditionally been an important part of civil society, providing information to citizens, convening groups around events and issues, and serving as a watchdog against abuses by those in power. Going back to the Revolutionary War, newspapers have served to connect their community and relay information to those unconnected otherwise. Through the atrocities of the Vietnam War, surprise and indignation of Watergate, and the disgust of the Iran Contra investigation, newspaper reporters consistently broke stories that had national impact. Even the recent Clinton e-mail scandal was discovered by a reporter for the New York Times. (Huffington Post 2015) Circulation has declined throughout the last decade with the rise of the twenty-four hour cable news as well as the internet. Cable news outlets (as seen with both Fox and CNN) do not report impartially, however, and the internet is open to whoever can write a post. The journalism standards set by newspapers have been set asid e and replaced by biased reporters and the random individual spreading their version of the news. Although traditional print newspapers seem to be on the way out, the role of journalism has never been more important. Newspapers provide an important role as journalists continue to be our truth tellers and truth seekers and, according to Plato, â€Å"†¦without them, humanity would lose its way in the dark.†Show MoreRelatedThe Medium Is The Message958 Words   |  4 PagesMcLuhans, the Medium is the Message, he claims that the medium is more important than the message. I agree with his statement that the medium is more important that the message, because it is not what we say it is how we say it that matters most. The words we use are not as important as the way we choose to say them. I think that sometimes it can seem that what people are saying can be more important but it truly is how it is being perceived that is the most important part of the message. McLuhansRead MoreUntitled1341 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Medium Is the Message by Marshall McLuhan, he explores new media in its most original, basic and pure way as an object, furthermore, he use the idea of the medium itself carries the message rather than the message, furthermore, to analyze how new media influence in the society. At the end, McLuhan explain the role of broadcast television (as a new medium) and how television itself become a â€Å"fixed charge† in people’s day-to-day living which we simply cannot live without it. (Marshall McLuhanRead MoreThe Current Era Of Media1494 Words   |  6 Pagesstatement made by him that made many people to think that The medium is the message. McLuhan clearly support the notion that media increases the desire and new purposes. (Dekay, Sam H, 2014, page 51-52) He said that media is an extension of the human body, it represents the development so that we understood that the development is needed now, in order to adapt to human needs the science and technology. Thus, the medium is the message to emphasize that the use of communication tools have profoundlyRead MoreCommunication Medium1062 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines the process of communication and its mediums, outlines the main types of mediums, and describes why it is important to carefully choose the right way of communication when trying to deliver a message to recipients. Communication and its mediums. Communication is a very important aspect of everyday life. From the time we are born we are involved in this process. It’s one of the very first skills we learn in life, it’s something we do every day, and still the huge amount of mistakes are often madeRead MoreAnalysis Of Show Tell 955 Words   |  4 Pagespictures and words can be used to convey a message efficiently. By showing many visual examples of the different ways images and words can be used together, McCloud establishes that information is easier to interpret when paired with visual aid. By also pointing out that people are naturally inclined to show something visually as means of explaining, McCloud demonstrates his main point: the combination of words and images is very effective in conveying a message. With his opening sequence McCloud illustratesRead MoreFashion as a Medium of Communication1305 Words   |  6 PagesSince the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century, the function of fashion as a medium of communication is becoming of a new significance for modern society. Introduction. Clothing has always had place in society. Ever since the primitive society people were dressing for variety of reasons: at first, simply to cover naked parts of human bodies, to protect one from bitter frost or extreme heat; centuries later--to become an indicator of one’s well-being and social position, a sign of royalty andRead MoreUnderstanding The Communication Problem That Should Have Been Solved The Moment I Choose My Career Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesreceivers are my followers that are artists and Graphic designers and regular people that are interested in my art, the specific impact was getting likes and comments on my post and getting followers. The message is getting my artwork to be known by pictures, the mode is converged media, the mass medium is the internet. When I started my accounts for my project, I started Instagram first because I believed that Instagram was well known for photography and art, which it was because I’m on Instagram aRead More Defintion Essay - Is it Possible to Define Art?615 Words   |  3 PagesDefintion Essay - Is it Possible to Define Art? Art is the intentional use of some medium to communicate emotions or ideas between minds. Some combination of the five senses is used to conduct information, so art may take the form of music, painting, sculpture, dance, and others. Art may be collaborative, as with the presentation of a symphony, which may involve a composer, a conductor, players, and a lighting crew all working to create the art of the presentation. Also, art occurs in atRead MoreNarcissuss Facebook Profile Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesuses the Greek myth of Narcissus as a metaphor for our inability to notice the gradual societal changes engendered by new extensions of ourselves. McLuhan writes that because â€Å"the content of any medium is always another medium† (McLuhan 8), we tend to focus on the obvious, not that the message of that medium, the â€Å"social consequences... [that]...result from the new scale that is introduced into our affairs by each extension of ourselves† (McLuhan 7). An example he uses is that the content of a novelRead MoreMedia Richness Theory1213 Words   |  5 Pagesfurther every day we have all become slowly more disconnected from face-to-face communication. My primary field of study is TV Production so the video medium tends to play a very large role in how information is passed along from one to another. While TV isn’t the most effective tool in communication, it has its limitations as does other mediums like text, phone calls, and even face-to-face communication. In 1981 two groups of people had a different spin on the media richness theory, but then

Essay on Once Upon a Times Art of the Himalayan Region

Art was largely used to express traditions in the Himalayan region. The use of paintings was vital in reflecting a great deal of narratives as indicated by exhibit ‘Once Upon Many Times’ literary works. Works of art, especially paintings, can also be used to analyze and comprehensively describe a picture of the lifestyle of a people from different times in history from their social organizations, economic life and religious views and practices. Thus, this analytical research paper attempts to compare two works of art of Shantarakshita and scenes of his life in Tibet on cloth from Rubin Museum and Drowa Sangmo picture of the elephant on the facets of color, shape, form, cultural, and historical dimensions as an exemplification of different†¦show more content†¦The artist used this painting to interpret level of holiness in the society. For instance, the people are seated in a semi-circle with the monk teaching them religious antics. The intensive use of different color presents the state of holiness as dependent on nature and beliefs expected of the people. The artist uses variant object sizes to represent the different hierarchies of items in the painting. For example, the temple to the left hand side of the painting is the largest followed by a smaller temple at the centre. Notably, there is no temple at the right hand side of the painting. Also, the table closer to the man temple is larger as compared to that further away. Interestingly, the religious images have extra ordinary power and are larger than the ordinary worshipers. This calculated use of size in painting quantifies hierarchies of holiness in this traditional society. The size difference represents higher order of authority in religious circles occupied by the monk on powers and religious role of inking higher powers to the people. This picture therefore, sums up the influence of nature, religion, authority, and tradition in a complex pigment on cloth painting. In addition, the people in this painting are in a group of two or more as symbolic of the religious unity of purpose on shared principles. Significantly, feeling of communalShow MoreRelatedHimalayan Art1766 Words   |  8 PagesArt was largely used to express traditions in the Himalayan region. Once upon Many Times is an exhibition at Rubin Museum of Art representing a wide range of visual narratives and reproductions of temple murals, which can be regarded as exceptional examples of Himalayan art based upon Tibetan myths and legends. Furthermore, this paper will analyze the color arrangement, composition, proportion, hierarchy and motifs of the historical narrative Shantarakshita and scenes of his life and the Drowa SangmoRead MoreHimachal Pradesh8795 Words   |  36 Pages(55,673  km ²)and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east. The literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh is Region of snowy mountains. Himachal Pradesh was anciently known as Dev Bhumi (The Abode of Gods) and is known to be abundant in natural beauty After the Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. InRead MoreHimachal Pradesh an Overview9238 Words   |  37 PagesHimachal Pradesh: the Land of Gods. 10/7/2011 ROSHNI RAMCHANDANI Himachal Pradesh: History and Geography Pre History amp; Early History The history of Himachal Pradesh dates back to around two million years. At this point of time, people lived in the foothills of Himachal Pradesh. These original inhabitants of Himachal, the Kols and the Mundas, were forced by the people of the great Indus valley civilization to move up to the hills. The Indus valley civilization prospered here between 2250Read MoreBlack Death Cause and Effect3189 Words   |  13 PagesNAME COURSE PROFESSOR DATE The Causes and Effects of The Black Death The Bubonic Plague or the Black Death has been in the history books since the medieval times. This deadly disease has claimed nearly 1.5 million lives in Europe (Gottfried). The Black Death hit Europe in October of 1347 and quickly spread through most of Europe by the end of 1349 and continued on to Scandinavia and Russia in the 1350s. Not only did the plague effect the European population by killing one-third to two-thirdsRead MoreFather2747 Words   |  11 Pages now safe on the further bank with the brown lamb, kept on crying. Again the old man returned, and helped his son drive the wet and shivering ewe a hundred yards up the bank above the ford. There the current caught her once more, and landed her neatly at the ford itself, this time on the further side, where she was warmly greeted by both lambs. Putting his foot on his father s boot, the little boy hopped up behind him and probed the stream with his pole as they crossed, to see if the bottom wasRead MoreDemand Estimation a nd Forecasting5235 Words   |  21 Pagesbecause the desired sizes are no longer available. For example, when a consumer electronicsretailer does not display a particular flat-screen TV, sales for that model are typically lower than the sales for models on display. And in fashion retailing, once the stock level of a particular sweater falls to the point where standard sizes are no longer available, sales of that item are diminished. Market response effects The effect of market events that are within and beyond a retailer’s control. DemandRead MoreConsumer Survey Conducted for Bisleri8855 Words   |  36 Pagesitself as a market leader the most trusted brand. âž ¢ To understand the supply chain and distribution network of Bisleri packaged drinking water. âž ¢ To study the buying behavior towards packaged drinking water among corporate offices in some regions of Haryana. âž ¢ To do a comparative analysis of Bisleri v/s its competitors i.e. kinley Aquafina. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION WATER- THE NEED OF LIFE Life as we know it cannot exist without water. 71 % of the Earth is covered in water providingRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pagescontrol fire, and they acquired language. Evidence of religious faith and practice, as well as of magic, goes as far back as archaeology can take us. Fear or awe, exultation, gratitude, and empathy with the natural world are reflected in the cave art and in the ritual practices, such as burial, found at the Paleolithic. The sense that there is more to the world than meets the eye—in other words, the religious response to the world—seems to be as old as humankind. Paleolithic culture could supportRead MoreArgumentative Essay on Telivision Is the Leading Cause of Violence in Todays Society9353 Words   |  38 PagesAge) Indo-Gangetic TraditionThe Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) that was located in the western region[1] of the Indian Subcontinent[2][3]. Flourishing around the Indus River basin, the civilization[n 1] primarily centered along the Indus and the Punjab region, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley[7] and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab,[8][9] encompassing most of what is now Pakistan, the western states of modern-day India, asRead MoreImpact of Industrialization, Urbanization and Globalization Among Thetribals in India8716 Words   |  35 Pagesprivate sector in various states in India. This paper mainly focuses on the study about the negative and the positive impacts of Industrialization, Urbanization and Globalization on the tribals in India. The author would explain some of the impact upon the tribals in their economy, social life, cultural, traditions, religious life. Here, the author also would discuss some of the factors which would enhance the church planting and church growth in such a situation giving example from some of the Indian

Suggestions Canada health care Free Essays

This essay will discuss the budget constraint model to understand the consumer behaviors towards health care and the Issue of adverse selection will also be analyzed, followed by the production of health care and the role f the government in the production of health care. This essay will conclude with suggestion of the lessons that policy makers in Canada can learn. Any of the economic models that exist must have assumptions; assumptions must be fulfilled to assert constancy. We will write a custom essay sample on Suggestions Canada health care or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the standard budget constraint model, there are three assumptions: (1) consumers are rational and have perfect information about quantity, pricing and the key players in healthcare, (2) there Is no uncertainty about the future, and (3) Important decisions are made as If the future Is known with certainty. Consumers can choose any affordable combination of healthcare and other odds. Among these bundles, consumer has a set of preference which provided different levels of satisfaction. The budget constraint model states that the demand for medical services is derived from the demand for health care and how the consumer produces health. Consumers do not purchase health. Indeed, they medical care inputs. An example of the Indian health market supports this model. India has a universal health care system of which government covers most medical services provided, similar to Canada. In India, many of the healthcare consumers are not able to produce health. Their ability to produce health is reduced by the poor vying conditions and living style. Patina in India is a slum; it is characterized with poverty, which encompasses low levels of health and income. People in this town are suffering in poverty and disease. Patina has been hit by the epidemics and develops symptoms that are attributed to tuberculosis due to poor sanitation and ventilation. They repeatedly require medical care. However, public-health system lacks the medical resources, leaving poor people at risk. This has forced consumer to switch to the private healthcare, but they cannot afford it. These poor people are often the cities, caught between lousy care and unaffordable care (Specter, 2010). Consumers have limited budget and, hence, healthcare production is restricted by their budget, so they have to look for the best affordable bundle of goods to meet their needs. Under lousy universal health care system, consumers are very much constrained in their choices. Policy makers must understand the budget constraints that the consumer faces. To formulate successful policies, policy makers must also consider the bundles that the consumer is permitted and regulate the private healthcare services to reasonable price (Specter, 2010). Government should also devote sufficient resources to improve the quality of care in the public sector and raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people to reduce healthcare costs. Similar policies could also apply in Canada to improve our public healthcare system. Private companies that offer health insurance often encounter adverse selection. This phenomenon can be explained by asymmetric information when insurance attracts higher than average utilizes than an actual fair premium suggest. Clients purchasing insurance know their actual expenditures whereas the insurance many only knows the distribution of expected expenditures. In this market, the higher health risks tend to drive out the lower health risk people until no market is left; this is known as the Lemons Principle. This is inefficient since insurance company is not able to sufficiently pool its risks. In the U. S, congress passed the Genetic information Nondiscrimination act. This act prohibits insurance company from using genetic information to determine rates (Coursework, 2010). Genetic testing provides the insurance company with pre-existing conditions, which gives insurer incentive to deny coverage or set a higher premium. This bill was unanimously supported by congress such that insurer cannot charge higher premiums based on pre-existing conditions. The main idea of this bill is to protect the community from exploitation by insurance companies, which lead to community rating. At this time, private insurers cannot rely on medical underwriting. However, this act turns the insurance companies into oppression. The only factors they will be allowed to take into account in determining rates will be age, region, and whether or not someone smokes. While the government supports the community rating and universal access, it conflicts with its insistence of that the healthcare reform is dependent on private insurance companies (Coursework, 2010). Yet, the fact is that healthcare system could do Just fine without an insurance system with community rating. Medicare is a and people with disabilities. It may be true to say that private sectors are better in terms of managing costs and providing services, but Medicare’s spending on healthcare over the past decade has risen more slowly than that of private sectors (Coursework, 2010). Economists all agreed that Medicare is a successful program, but that it needs efficiency improvements to be sustainable in the future (Walker, 2010). Canada can imitate from the success of Medicare in the US. Medicare in Canada is framed by the Canada Health Act; it is designed to ensure that all residents have reasonable access to medical services, on a prepaid basis. Using our existing insurance system, policy makers should expand the government-run health care regardless of risks. Instead of replacing private insurance companies, it would be more sensible to turn them into public utilities. Netherlands and Switzerland have adopted this proposal, which turns out with reasonably good results. Government has a very large role to play in the production of health services. Production of health services is the relationship between health and the health inputs that are needed to produce health. The Case in most developed countries is that the government plays a significant role in health production (Coursework, 2010). The government provides health care which is either paid with taxes it collects or subsidy that are given to individuals. The government provides other inputs such as controlling pollution and legislation to regulate health safety. The government also carries out health promotion. This is done by promoting healthy lifestyles such as exercise and also raising awareness about diseases. The government also puts regulation on excessive consumption of harmful substances. All this defines the role the government is supposed to play in the provision of healthcare. In conclusion, policymakers in Canada can learn from the lessons discussed. Starting with the example of the Indian health market, policy makers should consider budget constraints particularly for the poor people to devote sufficient resources into public health care to improve the laity and regulate the private health care system with reasonable prices. Government could also raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people to reduce healthcare costs. Secondly, from the US example, it is proven that the healthcare reform does not depend on private insurance companies. Medicare in Canada should also be expanded and private insurer can be turned into public utilities. Finally, though the Canadian government provides medical care, it is important for them to promote health as well. Provision of medical care must go hand in hand with the promotion of health as the case with other developed entries. How to cite Suggestions Canada health care, Papers

Modern Dance Essay Example For Students

Modern Dance Essay Twyla Tharp once said, â€Å"You have to be either hopelessly passionate, or very stupid. † Vivacious, innovative and unique are a few of the words that come to mind when one thinks about the life and times of dancer, choreographer, and legend, Twyla Tharp. In her early life Twyla was constantly on the go. She was a busy child, who had a broad spectrum of dance experience. The author of Howling Near Heaven explains, â€Å"The oldest of four children, she had an ambitious mother who pushed her into improving studies from preschool age: piano, violin, viola, elocution, painting, German and French, baton twirling, and of course, dance lessons† (Siegel, 3). With an early life as busy as Twyla’s, there is no surprise that her ambition, drive and talent only continued as she grew up. Twyla began her educational path at Pomona College and studied dance. She later transferred to Barnard College and honed in on her talents in ballet at the American Ballet Theatre. At the tender age of 23 she began her own dance company, The Twyla Tharp Dance Company, and in the early 1970’s it achieved great success. Some of the most famous productions were Time Goes By (1973) and her first Broadway hit in 1980, When We Were very Young (Biography. com). Being such a dominant force that early in her life foreshadowed the success that was bound to follow Twyla. The author explains: She disliked thinking any one movement was more interesting than any other; she didn’t work for rising and falling curves of excitement, dramatic climaxes, and picturesque stage effects. If there was to be any thrill involved, it should come from the extraordinary range of challenges she threw at the dancers and the audience (Siegel, 21). Her colorful and vast dance experience surely played a role in the development of her dance style and creations that are so widely known and acclaimed. Tharp used dance as an outlet of expression and brought life to her pieces. Furthermore, â€Å"Dancing in the studio is what kept her going; it made her happy and drew the dancers to her† (Siegel, 148). The author goes on to say, â€Å"Tharp had always buried her feelings superbly in form and abstraction. Some of her most heartfelt dances were perceived as formal, stylistic essays† (Siegel, 148). It is apparent that deep emotion and feelings are immersed into her dances. She captivates people with her unique dance developments and has changed the face of dance. Her production of When We Were Very Young was her first leap at Broadway and was a huge success. One of the dancers states, â€Å"The solo encompasses just about everything I know about dancing and endurance and theatrics and performance. That’s the most satisfying role I’ve ever danced† (Siegel, 160). The affection that the dancers have for Tharp, pails in comparison to the admiration of her fans, that resulted from the show. She followed her first Broadway production with several more, including The Catherine Wheel, Singin’ in the Rain, and Movin’ Out (John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts). Russian dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov had a great impact on Twyla. She met Mikhail at the Spoleto Festival, and her dancing entranced him. He says, â€Å"She made the dancers look like sort of men and women on stage being in a way very whole and very themselves and very grounded and without playing a character, being the people of the streets† (Siegel, 107). This was an artistic match that made amazing dances that dazzled audiences. He brought fame to the company and also taught Tharp about refining ballet, while showcasing the ingenious choreography she had created. He later became the director of the company and was pivotal in inspiring and bringing Twyla’s dances to life. .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d , .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d .postImageUrl , .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d , .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d:hover , .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d:visited , .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d:active { border:0!important; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d:active , .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue7d42924ecf0184bc5d5dfcfe791863d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dance EssayTwyla and Baryshnikov continued to think of innovation and expansion as they began to move towards televised dance sequences. A project called Making Television Dance was documented by Joel Gold and was filmed in black and white. Baryshnikov says she was not the easiest person to be partnered with, â€Å"She was very spontaneous, of course, and trying too much to help the partner. And that’s always wrong† (Siegel, 117). Tharp constantly strived for perfection and expected her partners to follow suit. This dance sequence was an imaginative dance video and was an anthology for Twyla. The evolution of her dances making it to the TV screen opened up a new avenue for the expression and presentation of her dances. Perhaps Tharp’s biggest challenge and opportunity came with the offer to be apart of the Hollywood production of Hair. Tharp explains, â€Å"I wasn’t sure that I wanted to be involved with a director, that I wanted to have to be put at the mercy of the project† (Siegel, 124). Tharp had been accustomed to being in absolute control and found a bit of a power struggle with director, Milos Forman. Her fears were accurate, when many of the dances she had made were edited out of the film. Despite disagreements with the director, Twyla did what she was known for doing best: adding dance and movement wherever she could. The author states: She choreographed movement wherever she could. She choreographed gestures throughout the movie, basic training exercises, Frisbee games, and a massive peace rally. Her tactics ranged from full-out dancing to ingeniously scaled-down steps for the actors with limited dance ability (Siegel, 128). Twyla added life and movement to the film that captured the spirit of the subject. Milos did not fully appreciate the intensity and creative expression of dance and seemed to ignore Tharp’s request for more dancing. Regardless of the disagreements that ensued, Hair was a platform for further fame and success with films, and gave Twyla more notability and recognition. Tharp became involved in other movies such as Ragtime, Amadeus and White Nights. Tharp produced a television production entitled Baryshnikov by Tharp. This production yielded great success and Twyla received three Emmy Awards and a Director’s Guild of America Award for the special Academy of Achievement). Finally, Tharp was being recognized as an accomplished choreographer and received awards for her accomplishments. Tharp continued to create ballets from the late ‘80’s to the early ‘90’s. She reunited her dance company and worked in a program called Cutting Up, which featured Baryshnikov. Tharp also published an autobiography entitled Push Comes to Shove, in 1992. Bibliography: Siegel, Marcia B. Howling near heaven: Twyla Tharp and the reinvention of modern dance. New York: St. Martins Press, 2006. Print. Twyla Tharp. Bio. AE Television Networks, 2014. Web. 9 May 2014. Twyla Tharp. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 May 2014.

Book Review “The Wrong Stuff” an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Book Review: â€Å"The Wrong Stuff† "In The Wrong Stuff" authors Marcus Stern, Jerry Kammer, Dean Calbreath and George Condon, Jr. detail the air combat which took place over North Vietnam on May 10. 1972.Duke Cunningham was a U. S. Navy First Lieutenant and F-4 pilot stationed off the coast of North Vietnam on the aircraft carrier Constellation. On May 10, 1972 he and his radio operator were part of a thirty-two plane flight group with the mission of flying "cover" for B-52 bombers attacking a rail depot between Hanoi and Haiphong. Need essay sample on "Book Review: The Wrong Stuff" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed At the time Cunningham had been credited with shooting down two enemy "Mig" fighters. According to the authors, "no other dogfight in the entire was has been celebrated as much as the (dogfight) that followed (the B-52 strike)" (28). Cunningham, who had earlier been confronted by his own feelings for his earlier "kills" was about to shoot down three other Mig aircraft, and in doing so become the first and only Navy "ace" pilot, or being credited with five or more shoot-downs. That he lived was a mix of good luck and great skill. After his first kill, he came to the aid of their executive officer, Commander Dwight Timm. "To come to Timm's rescue would be dangerous and Cunningham hesitated for a second" but nonetheless saved Timm, shooting down his second Mig of the day. Minutes later he was in a dogfight with an enemy aviator of great skill. Cunningham executed a maneuver best described as "jamming on the brakes" allowing the enemy to speed forward of his plane, at which time he was a ble to get his fifth kill. Although Cunningham often played "the reluctant hero" yet was very polished and a "natural" in front of the camera. He was known by fellow pilots as anything but humble. "The officers above him and those under his command pretty quickly learned that Cunningham was much better at controlling an F-4 than he was in managing his own ego" (57). As the "ace" Cunningham became a hero and became the star of Navy public relations. At some point apparently some Navy bureaucrat gave him the idea he would be awarded the Medal of Honor. He was to be awarded the Navy Cross, the highest medal the Navy has. Unbelievably, on the day of the awards ceremony, Cunningham and his radio operator confronted the Top Gun base commander, Ron Mckeown and Cunningham stated "Willie and I have decided we're not going to accept the Navy Cross" and was "going to hold out for the Medal of Honor" (4). Obviously the commander would have none of it and the pair received their Navy Crosses. McKeown was obviously stunned at the demand and the reason why. "To McKeown, here was evidence of almost incomprehensible greed because the money (that goes with the Medal of Honor award) Cunningham was 'holding out for'...totaled only $100.00 per month" (6). His version of events, recreating history, was as blatant as his greed. In 1985 Cunningham was the base commander of the Top Gun Navy fighter plane training facility. In 1985 Paramount Pictures used the base for the Tom Cruise movie "Top Gun". According to the authors, "never was Cunningham's penchant for making things all about himself more evident" than during the filming. "Cunningham boasted that his 'real life experiences as a Navy aviator and fighter pilot instructor were depicted in the popular movie "Top Gun". It simply wasn't true" (61). Cunningham had an entire set of examples and scenes from the movie that he led people to believe were real events from his life. This included flight scenes where the American plane was canopy-to-canopy with a Russian Mig as well as claiming the romance of the characters triggered by his rendition, like the movie, of "You've Lost That Loving Feeling". (61) Little if any of it was legitimate; the only real link he had was being on the base, where he also had himself photographed with actor Tom Cruise. He later pas sed out this photo as some sort of "proof" of his claims. This self-promotion would be a constant theme during his political career, which started upon this retirement from the Navy. Cunningham's political career was shaped by Dan McKinnon, a friend he had met during his Navy public relations tours. (62). Soon Cunningham was in the company of other political figures as he was "reborn politically" (63). He became a constant figure on speaking tours and participated in high-publicity events, including a record-making trans-continental flight with an eleven-year-old pilot. (63) For his first congressional campaign in 1990 he did not need to use any of his own money having over three hundred thousand dollars in campaign contributions. (64) Surviving a very difficult and bloody primary battle the authors conclude "he was ready for the big time, ready for his shot at Washington...it was easy for Cunningham to pose above the fray (generated during the primary) as a war hero non-politician pledging to be 'a congressman you can be proud of" (64). There were several mistakes and issues that could have done damage to his campaign, including not having voted for years and being caught up in the "Top Gun" lie. Yet "despite the controversy, the despite the Democratic leanings of the district, the first-time candidate eked out a narrow victory...by 1,659 votes" (65). References Stern, Marcus; Kammer, Jerry; Calbreath, Dean and Condon, George. The Wrong Stuff. New York: BBS Public Affairs, 2007.

Free Essays on John Mill

The struggle between liberty and authority in On Liberty can be categorized under two headings with the first demonstrating adverse force between liberty and authority and the second showing authoritative forms operating without a necessarily antagonistic manner alongside liberty. â€Å" The struggle between liberty and authority is the most conspicuous feature in the portions of history with which we are earliest familiar,†(662). This statement by John Mill reflects his view of the adverse position held by the ruler over the ruled. The ruler whether in the form of king, queen, or group of governing powers was necessary to ensure that persons were not preyed upon or harmed by other members of the community. However, the ruling body itself might following their own agenda when it conflicted with that of ruled be motivated to prey upon such members of the population. While the ruler would did indeed substantially lessen the number of weaker predators that a citizen might be subject to, it became evident that the ruler itself would become the most powerful and worried about predator of all. Liberty then came to be defined as the citizen’s ability to circumvent or limit the power that the ruler or governing body could employ over them. This goal was attempted in two ways, with the first being to establish certain inalienable rights that offered immunity against certain actions that the governing body was restricted from taking. In the case that one of these forbidden action was pursued by the ruler, then this would warrant just cause for â€Å"specific resistance† (663) or rebellion against such rule. The second and more recent of these attempts was the formulation of certain checks and balances of power where the general population or representative’s permission or approval had to be obtained before certain important governmental actions are taken. The first of these two sought after limitations, the ruling body was often subj e... Free Essays on John Mill Free Essays on John Mill The struggle between liberty and authority in On Liberty can be categorized under two headings with the first demonstrating adverse force between liberty and authority and the second showing authoritative forms operating without a necessarily antagonistic manner alongside liberty. â€Å" The struggle between liberty and authority is the most conspicuous feature in the portions of history with which we are earliest familiar,†(662). This statement by John Mill reflects his view of the adverse position held by the ruler over the ruled. The ruler whether in the form of king, queen, or group of governing powers was necessary to ensure that persons were not preyed upon or harmed by other members of the community. However, the ruling body itself might following their own agenda when it conflicted with that of ruled be motivated to prey upon such members of the population. While the ruler would did indeed substantially lessen the number of weaker predators that a citizen might be subject to, it became evident that the ruler itself would become the most powerful and worried about predator of all. Liberty then came to be defined as the citizen’s ability to circumvent or limit the power that the ruler or governing body could employ over them. This goal was attempted in two ways, with the first being to establish certain inalienable rights that offered immunity against certain actions that the governing body was restricted from taking. In the case that one of these forbidden action was pursued by the ruler, then this would warrant just cause for â€Å"specific resistance† (663) or rebellion against such rule. The second and more recent of these attempts was the formulation of certain checks and balances of power where the general population or representative’s permission or approval had to be obtained before certain important governmental actions are taken. The first of these two sought after limitations, the ruling body was often subj e...

Womens role in the development of American consumer culture Essay

Womens role in the development of American consumer culture - Essay Example The business activities of the American women in the colonial period were oriented around the well-being of their home and family, so things like fashion were of tertiary importance to them. Unlike them, the modern American women get in fashion as soon as they reach adolescence. Modern American women smoke and drink in public, and embrace consumer culture. One way in which the role of women has significantly changed in the consumer culture in America since the colonial period is that women today have become the means of propagation of consumer culture both through consumption and through advertising. The ad of a new car is incomplete without a lady oozing sex appeal standing next to it in the poster. Women have become more of sexualized objects in the media unlike women of the colonial period. The sexual objectification is voluntarily portrayed in ads to draw increased attention of the consumers. Besides, gender equality and women empowerment have made women equally strong consumers today as

Leading in emergent and changed environment Case Study

Leading in emergent and changed environment - Case Study Example This was facilitated by high demand levels that existed in other counties that were not producers of the dairy products. The amount of exports made by Bega cheese is as much as the sales made in the domestic market. Bega cheese has been able to keep their customers and suppliers updated using national and international media. It has also been able to make a contribution to career development opportunities to a large number of people and has been able to employ more than 1700 people from different regions. The model that is applicable in Bega Cheese Company is Kotter’s eight-step change model. This model is efficient in planning and sustaining any change implementation (Bridgeland and Zahavi, 2009). The eight steps involved in the model are establishment if a sense of urgency, creation of a guiding coalition, development of a change strategy, communication of the change strategy, empowerment of employees for action and generation of short term wins. The next step is consolidation of the gains and production of more change, and anchoring the new changes into the culture of the company (Kaplan, 2012).The first step is identifying the sense of urgency. This is usually a situation in the company that will need to be attended to urgently. In the case of Bega cheese, the urgency might be seen as the situation whereby the suppliers of the dairy products discovered that the marketing for their products was not so successful and they discovered the urgency for chance, which enabled them to focus on forming a cooperative society. Another urgency for change in the company may be observed in the situation whereby Bega cheese discovered the demand for cheese in the other countries and made changes from basically selling to the domestic market to extending to the export market (Sabri et al, 2007). Development of a change strategy is another step in the model that will involve coming up with a strategy for the change that is designed for the company. Designing the

Application of different moral philosophies to an analysis of Term Paper

Application of different moral philosophies to an analysis of individual decision making - Term Paper Example The consequences of the ethical violations of the present case may not be the exact same but yet the ethical implications and the issues related to the present case is most certainly a reflection of the ethical violations in the business practices. The case study has Carla and Jack as the two central characters and all the aspects related the business ethics revolves around those central characters only. One of the first ethical issues related to the case could be the listed as the denying of Jack from a potential partnership deal by the organization. As per the case study, Jack has been working for sixty to seventy hours a week for the last ten years. The contribution made by jack towards the organization can be analyzed. Hence it can be said that based on the contributions and the amount of time spent by Jack in the company (more than 17 years), the company could have decided to provide a partnership deal. Although it has been identified as a potential issue, it has to be said that the reasons for which the company decided to deny Jack from the partnership deal has not been mentioned in the case study. The next ethical issue is the behavior of Jack after being denied of the deal. As per the case study, Carla one day found out that Jack has been behaving strangely. Also it was found that Jack was copying some software used by the company for consulting and auditing purpose. It is also believed that Jack had got hold some clients from the internal database of the company and was using them for own benefit. Jack also had a plan to open a new firm. Next case of ethical violations is associated with Carla. As per the case study, Carla has been using the office phones for personal calls and other issues like using the company machine for personal usage. Although the magnitude of the violation may not be as immense as the ones conducted by Jack but it may be notified as a case of ethical violation. However the next phase of the case could lead to severe consequences . Carla decided to keep some of the facts in mind that she has been using the company resources for personal usage also. Add to that Jack has been with the company for a long period of time and the company may not believe her. She also did not want to leave the job. Such a behavior may lead to potential disaster for the company not from a financial perspective but also it may actually threaten the existence of the firm also. Answer 2 Teleology is one of the most important among the six major types of moral philosophy. It describes the acts by any human beings according to a specific situation where the acts need to be acceptable or morally right in terms of achievement of expected results (no author, Chapter 6, 2006). An example of teleology is clear understanding of utility or self interest. Therefore, according to the behavior of Jack with respect to the specific situation in the case, it can be stated that teleology would be the most suitable moral philosophy that describes the b ehavior and acts of Jack in the case. To be really honest the readers of the case would have full sympathy with Jack, for denied a position of partner but not for the acts after being denied. The probable options for Jack have been discussed in this section. There is very little doubt over the fact after putting

Organizational behaviour | Knowledge and power

Organizational behaviour | Knowledge and power ABSTRACT Much of the recent sociological debate on power revolves around the issue of the enabling nature of power. A comprehensive account of power has been discussed in the report i.e power of knowledge, power of money and power of social class and the ways in which these powers can be altered in the future. Much of this debate is related to the works of the French philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984), who, following the Italian political philosopher Niccolà ² Machiavelli (1469-1527), sees power as a complex strategic situation in a given society [social setting]. Being deeply structural, his concept involves both constraint and enablement INTRODUCTION Power is one of the most important determinants of managerial effectiveness. Bennis and Nanus (1985) regarded it, as the basic energy needed to initiate and sustain actions. It is a factor without which, leaders cannot lead. It provides the capacity to translate intentions into reality. Power is at the essence of managerial actions and leadership. It can be defined as the potential ability to influence behavior, to change the course of events, to overcome resistance and to get people do things that they would not otherwise do (Pfeffer, 1981) Balance of Power Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally, sociologists speak of the balance of power between parties to a relationship: all parties to all relationships have some power: the sociological examination of power concerns itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal, stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyse relationships in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of constraint rather than of power. Thus power has a connotation of unilateralism. If this were not so, then all relationships could be described in terms of power, and its meaning would be lost. Even in structuralist social theory, power appears as a process, an aspect to an ongoing social structure. One can sometimes distinguish primary power: the direct and personal use of force for coercion; and secondary power, which may involve the threat of force or social constraint, most likely involving third-party exercisers of delegated power. Etzioni (1961) talked about two kinds of power: position power and persona/power Position power refers to ability to induce or influence others behavior because of ones position in the organization. French and Ravens (1959) legitimate power can be considered position power. Employees obey the orders of those who have formal authority or position power Taking my position as the ticket consultant, I find that Ive several powers that are directed towards both seniors and subordinates. One of the powers is persona/ power. i e this is where individuals derive their power from their own skills and efforts. Persona/ power is the extent to which subordinates are willing to follow the leader. This personal power has extended my affection, love, consideration, encouragement, recognition and attachment. Bass, Wurster and Alcock (1961) found that people want to be valued and esteemed mainly by those whom they value and respect. Therefore people bestow such persons with personal power. It is therefore clear that personal power comes from below and can be taken away more quickly by the subordinates as compared to position power. French and Ravens Referent Power and Expert power would form part of personal power. Other than the personal power, which calls for respect from the seniors, there is also the power of authority. This power is mostly directed to the subordinates in the office. It can be subdivided into: Line authority. This is the authorityover subordinates inmy chain ofcommand. However this authority corresponds directly to the place within my chain of command and does not exist outside my chain of command i.e this power cannot be exercised beyond my department Staff authority. This is the rightof staff to counsel, advice, or make recommendations to line personnel, and as a member of staff, I feel this is one of the powers that I possess. This type of authority though doesnt give me the right to give line personnel orders that affect the mission of the line organization The managers, possess the power of authority and position power over their subordinates of which am one. Position power and authority have been interchangeably used in the present times based on Etizionis findings. This is by applying various tactics, some of which are: Authority to sanction, i.e. any permission or approval that makes any course of action valid is under them. Therefore any intention to misuse their power and an important idea seeking their approval results to waste. This influential principle dictates what and when.a choice is to be made. Michener and Burt (1975) examined factors responsible for leadership success in eliciting compliance. They reported that compliance was greater when leaders explained that their demands as good for the group, had power to punish persons who did not comply to the leaders commands, and had a legitimate right to make demands on subordinates. Another study (Gamson, 1968) suggested that leaders would shift toward coercion of subordinates if they perceived that they lacked subordinates approval but did have the legitimate authority for asking for compliance Authority to Reward i. e having the final say in matters pertaining to promotions, working is directed towards trying to appease the seniors, with a notion of hard work recognition that will lead to a promotion. This results to award of promotions without merit considerations. Persuasiveness contributes positively to powerfulness of managers while appeasement and doing favors to superiors contributes negatively to the same. Powerful managers perceive their subordinates behavior relatively more positively. Enforcing discipline, pressure for compliance, persuasiveness and authority to reward emerge then as important influence strategies to arrest dysfunctional employee behaviors. Exchange of favors on the other hand seems to be ineffective influence strategy as it helps in thriving dysfunctional employee behavior. Knowledge (granted or withheld, shared or kept secret) Knowledge can be expressed as expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject or what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information As a sale consultant, Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, learning, communication, association and reasoning. Knowledge also helps sale consultant in understanding subject matter with the ability to use it for a specific purpose if appropriate. Situated knowledge is knowledge specific to a particular situation. A sale consultant can use various methods of generating knowledge, such as trial and error, or learning from experience, tend to create highly situational knowledge. One of the main benefits of the scientific method is that the theories it generates are much less situational than knowledge gained by other methods.[citation needed] Situational knowledge is often embedded in language, culture, or traditions.[citation needed] Knowledge generated through experience is called knowledge a posteriori, meaning afterwards. The pure existence of a term like a posteriori means this also has a counterpart. In this case that is knowledge a priori, meaning before. The knowledge prior to any experience means that there are certain assumptions that one takes for granted. For example if you are being told about a chair it is clear to you that the chair is in space, that it is 3D. This knowledge is not knowledge that one can forget, even someone suffering from amnesia experiences the world in 3D. See also: a priori and a posteriori. There is also partial knowledge. This whereby one discipline of epistemology focuses on partial knowledge. In most realistic cases, it is not possible to have an exhaustive understanding of an information domain, so then we have to live with the fact that our knowledge is always not complete, that is, partial. Most real problems have to be solved by taking advantage of a partial understanding of the problem context and problem data. That is very different from the typical simple maths problems one might solve at school, where all data is given and one has a perfect understanding of formulas necessary to solve them. This idea is also present in the concept of bounded rationality which assumes that in real life situation people often have a limited access of information and take decision accordingly. Another implication of knowledge is the scientific knowledge. The development of the scientific method has made a significant contribution to understanding of knowledge. Majoring on this concept of knowledge, a sale consultant has to be equipped with a method of inquiry which is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. The scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. Science and the nature of scientific knowledge has also become the subject of Philosophy. As science itself has developed, knowledge has developed a broader usage which has been developing within biology/psychology-discussed elsewhere as meta-epistemology, or genetic epistemology, and to some extent related to theory of cognitive development. Power of Persuasion Persuasion is a form of social influence. It is the process of guiding people and oneself toward the adoption of an idea, attitude, or action by rational and symbolic (though not always logical) means. Persuasion methods are also sometimes referred to as persuasion tactics or persuasion strategies therefore as sale consultant, one need to be equipped with these methods for effective running of the organization. These methods include: Reciprocity This is where by sale consultant tends to return a favor. This is especially when one feels something good has been done and needs to appreciate the effort. Commitment and Consistency Once people commit to what they think is right, orally or in writing, they are more likely to honor that commitment, even if the original incentive or motivation is subsequently removed. For example, in car sales, suddenly raising the price at the last moment works because the buyer has already decided to buy. Social Proof This is where by people tend to do things that they see other people are doing. For example, in one experiment, one or more confederates would look up into the sky; bystanders would then look up into the sky to see what they were seeing. Social value of unfamiliar people is ambiguous and requires a lot of effort to assess accurately. Given limited time and motivation, other people will often evaluate others based on how surrounding people behave towards them. For example, if a man is perceived to be in a company of attractive women, or is associated with them, then his perceived social value and attractiveness will be perceived to be greater. The implied cognition in this case would be All those girls seem to really like him, there must be something about him thats high value. If he is seen to be rejected by many women, his social value will be judged negatively. The implied cognition is then I just saw him being rejected by many women, there is probably a good reason why they dont like him. Liking People are easily persuaded by other people whom they like. People were more likely to buy if they liked the person selling it to them. Some of the many biases favoring more attractive people are discussed, but generally more aesthetically pleasing people tend to use this influence excellently over others. Scarcity Perceived scarcity will generate demand. For example, saying offers are available for a limited time only encourages sales. Propaganda is also closely related to Persuasion. Its a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of large numbers of people. Instead of impartially providing information, propaganda in its most basic sense presents information in order to influence its audience. The most effective propaganda is often completely truthful, but some propaganda presents facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis, or gives loaded messages in order to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired result is a change of the cognitive narrative of the subject in the target audience. The term propaganda first appeared in 1622 when Pope Gregory XV established the Sacred Congregation for Propagating the Faith. Propaganda was then as now about convincing large numbers of people about the veracity of a given set of ideas. Propaganda is as old as people, politics and religion. Sources of power can provide organizational members with a variety of means for enhancing their interests and smoothing over or creating organization conflict.. For example, some people derive power because they have been given authority by the organization to tell others what to do.Other people might have particular expertise or knowledge which the organization is dependent on, which gives them power.Some individuals might not have formal authority or expertise but might be very popular and thus have power through their own personal. The following are some of the sources Formal authority: This is when one is the legitimate owner of an organization, is the chief executive officer, or the general manager, one can use this authority to make crucial decisions in an organization whether good or bad. Use of organizational structure, rules and regulations can change the scope of working in an organization. Ability to cope with uncertainty: this feeling makes one have an advantage over the rest of the members of an organization since one feels that the organization will depend on your idea once anything happens. Interpersonal alliances, networks, and control of informal organization : if one is capable of uniting the entire workforce, the seniors will hold you as a valuable asset which can be used in case of a conflict. The same is also true when maybe a manager possesses these traits over his/her subordinates .i.e. he/she can use them to convince the subordinates in case of a misunderstanding. Symbolism and the management of meaning: This is applicable to managers whose record of management is high and who lead by example. This makes the subordinates to fear and respect the senior. Some may also possess the power to control: scarce resources,decision processes knowledge and information, boundaries, technology, counter organizations. With this power of control, the organizations development is determined by how you use it. Sources of power depend upon mainly three abilities whish are: reduce uncertainty, lack of substitutes and centrality of activities. Uncertainty: resource control, information control, decision making control, substitutability, centrality and managing the boss. Since most of us work in socially intricate organizations where we need the help not only of subordinates but of colleagues, superiors, and outsiders to accomplish our goals, its important for us to bridge the power gap so formed because we must depend on people over whom we have little or no explicit control. Hence all members of an organization should use the interpersonal power relations that include, reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, reference power and expert power In reward power, the needs and wants of the people are put into consideration and their actions appreciated. In coercive power credible penalties are identified to deter unacceptable behavior and when done effectively rules and targets can be set. Reward and coercive power depend on the agents ability to bestow on the clients positive and negative outcomes, respectively. Using either of these bases will induce only a superficial change in the client; that is, none of the clients privately held beliefs, attitudes, or values are changed. Instead, only public compliance is obtained, the continuation of which depends on successful surveillance of the client by the agent. In the legitimate power, formal power can be used to maintain it while for effectiveness; politeness and sending of requests are applied. Its based on the targets belief that the agent has a legitimate right to exert influence, and that the target has an obligation to accept this influence. It leads to private acceptance that comes from within the target and as such it does not require surveillance by the agent in order to be successful. To maintain reference power, managers should show acceptance and positive regards and for effectiveness, they should use personal appeals where necessary. It depends on the targets identifying with the agent. It leads to private acceptance by the target through enabling the target to maintain a satisfactory relationship with the agent and see himself/herself as similar to the target on certain relevant dimensions. To maintain expert power managers should earn more relevant knowledge and try to explain the needs and reasons for request of proposals. Expert power of the agent depends on the targets attributing superior knowledge or experience to the agent. When such faith in the agent is present, expert power will again result in private acceptance on the part of the target. Contrary to the bases of power discussed above, informational is independent both of the person of the agent and of the agents relationship with the target, and is instead based on the perceived relevance and validity of the information. A related discussion of social influence processes in terms of compliance, identification, and internalization is offered by Kelman (1956, 1961; Raven, 1974). Bosses should also use power ethically i.e. ethical power means using logical power in the favor of humanity which comes from managers characters. There are some processes that use ethical power in a firm or organization which are: Reward power in ethical way should be used by managers as means to verify, compliance, make feasible and reasonable requests etc. Hence, all powers should be used ethically by all managers and all members of any organization. References 1. Cervero, R., Wilson, A. (1994). Planning Responsibly for Adult Education: A Guide to Negotiating Power and Interests. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 2. Cervero, R. M., Wilson, A.L. (1998). Working the planning table: The political practice of adult education. Studies in Continuing Education, 20, 5-21. 3. Drennon, C.E., Cervero, R.M. (2002). The politics of facilitation: Negotiating power and politics in practitioner inquiry groups. Adult Education Quarterly, 52, 193-209. 4. Robbins Stephen P. (2003), Organizational Behavior (Tenth Edition), Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd. 5. Aswathappa K. (1991), Organisational Behaviour: Text, Cases and Games, Himalaya Publishing House. 6. Singh Yogendra Pandey Mamta (2004), Organisational Behaviour, A.I.T.B.S. Publishers. 7. Fincham Robin Rhodes Peter (2005), Principles of Organisational Behaviours, Oxford Press. Health Benefits of Swimming: Cultural Case Study Health Benefits of Swimming: Cultural Case Study Section A In the assignment, I have engaged in my chosen occupation which is swimming that I will be discussing in relation to meaning, form, purpose and performance components. Occupations are where individuals engage in activities that have meaning and purpose (World Federation of Occupational Therapists [WFOT], 2011). The chosen occupation will be explored in relation to individual meaning and socio-cultural meaning of how this could differ in other situations for others. The case study of Jessica, aged eight years old, female and has moderate cerebral palsy [CP] will be discussed in relation to my chosen occupation. The findings will also discuss how Jessicas social-cultural and occupational dysfunction impacts on her occupational participation; especially using my occupation as a therapeutic application. Occupational dysfunction identifies any difficulties that clients may have when engaging or performing in occupations (Reed, 2015). Therapeutic application defined as the therapeutic use of self-associating the link between relationship, efficacy and individuals involvement (Solman, Clouston, 2016). In addition, it will also explore whether Jessicas condition can have positive and negative effects on her health and well-being. Although physical and built environments impact on what and how people do things, it is the cultural context through which people understand and ascribe meaning to what they do (Whiteford, 2010). Meaning is the entire interpretive experience engaged in by an individual encountering an occupational form (Kramer, Hinojosa, Royeen, 2003). Cutchin Dickie (2013) do specify that occupations are forms of activity that create and re-create a multitude of our relationship with the worlds we experience. In addition, the result of engaging in occupations is vital to understanding the experience, social development and relates to well-being. Occupational form guides, structures, or suggests what is to be done by the person (Kramer, Hinojosa, Royeen, 2003; Nelson, 1994). Nelson (1988) stated that the form is observable and objective, but it can change, for example; completing an activity on your own and doing the activity with friends; the form may have an impact on meaning. The purpose is wha t it is experienced once an individual has engaged in the occupation, it provides meaning and motive for the individual (Kramer, Hinojosa, Royeen, 2003). My chosen occupation was swimming which I have engaged in individually. I see swimming as a leisure activity which means I engage in the activity in my free time within my own choice and it is fun (Poulsen, Ziviani, 2010). The meaning of engaging in swimming for me is that it provides exercise, reduces stress and time to myself. Nelson (1988) argued that the meaning may not positive, but the purpose gives a reason for engaging with a form. Culture provides scaffolding for informing and shaping an individuals perception of the different roles and behaviours that are important in the social group (Burke, 2003). As occupations are culturally placed, individuals can be influenced by other causes, for example, choice, personal need, the level of skills and gender expectations (Wilcock, Hocking, 2015). Performance components, for example, sensori- motor, cognitive, psychosocial, and psychological aspects are the elements of performance that occupational therapists assess and, when needed, in which they intervene for improving occupational performance (Duncan, 2011). Performance components that I have used in my occupation are a range of motion, strength and muscle tone within the neuromusculoskeletal category.   Performance components refer to what the person is thinking, feeling and doing, which leads to effective engagement in occupation (Strong, Gruhl, 2010). Section B In relation to Jessicas background, she was born in the United Kingdom and the parents are Chinese. There are specific values and beliefs within their culture which impact on how an occupational therapist is able to deliver a specific therapeutic program with the child. The Chinese community do not like their child to socialise with other cultures, especially receiving intervention from professionals and although education is an exception. The Home Affairs Committee (1985, p.14) stated that The Chinese community is still fairly conservative in nature, sticking well within its own created socio-economic subculture (Chau, 2013). The occupational therapist breaks down barriers and reassures parents. An occupational therapist creates an intervention when working with children, it is taken into consideration of the family and childs interests, including gaining an analysis of the childs behaviour and performance when engaging in occupations. It should be acknowledged that the familys pers pective may differ than the occupational therapists perception and to ensure what priorities are important to that particular child and family (Case-Smith, 2010). Jessica has moderate CP, she is quite an interactive child and has no language difficulties. Jessicas occupation dysfunction is that she does not often attend school as she frequently loses her balance when walking and uses a stick occasionally as she has long term chronic pain. Jessicas physical activity is minimal. Swimming will be used as a therapeutic application for Jessica to improve her general fitness levels, improve her gross motor skills, for example, walking or running and the benefits of using swimming in the long term. At the beginning of the intervention for swimming, it is one to one basis to start with to provide a person-centred approach and focusing on improving Jessicas gross motor skills and her confidence. Long term goal for Jessica is that she will be able to incorporate swimming into her routine, including swimming at school with other children. This would increase socialisation, makes swimming fun and whilst maintain fitness levels. Swimming as a physical activity for children with CP shows the benefits in improving chronic pain and preserves locomotor skills from deterioration in the long term (Declerck, Verheul, Daly, Sanders, 2016). It is agreed by Kelly, Darrah, (2005; p.69) that children with CP to improve fitness and function because of the properties of water, reduce excessive joint loading and promote strengthening while at the same time providing assistance to help support children with decreased postural control and muscle weakness. However, taking into consideration that all individuals are unique and have their own needs, it is argued that attention should be focused on the childs health and well-being, especially accessibility of activity, pain, fatigue and support network (Lauruschkus, Nordmark, Hallstrà ¶m, 2014; Whiteford Townsend, 2011). The World Health Organization [WHO], (1948) defined heath as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Wellbeing is central to ones physical and mental health which includes quality of life and satisfaction (Bass, Baum, Christiansen, 2015). Long term goal for Jessica is that she will be able to return to school full time and increase improvement with Jessicas walking, with support from her teachers and parents (Duncan, 2011). Jessica will gradually increase the duration of attendance from half a day to one full day on a weekly basis, eventually, attendance will full time. Jessicas walking progress will be monitored by the occupational ther apist, family, and teachers. Leisure activities can be a creative therapeutic tool, or a targeted component of a holistic occupational performance plan (Polatajko, Davis, McEwen, 2015). It is essential that children with CP should be encouraged at an early age to participate in physical activity (Zwier, van Schie, Becher, Smits, Gorter, Dallmeijer, 2010) as it is known that children with CP have even lower physical activity levels than their typically developing peers (Maltais,   Wiart, Fowler, Verschuren, Damiano, 2014). Lack of physical activity has negative effects on health and wellbeing of children with CP especially an increased risk of health related conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, depression and heart disease (Bania, Dodd, Taylor, 2010; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], 2016). It may lead to potential barriers to enable participating in physical activity due to poor physical health and lack of support (Creek Lougher, 2011). There is evidence of therapeutic use i s that positive leisure engagement can improve subjective well-being, including short-term mood enhancement and longer lasting thoughts about life satisfaction in general. (Poulsen Ziviani, 2010). Furthermore, it is argued by Poulson Ziviani (2010) that choice and mastery are vital provision for a child to be satisfied with general life; consequently allowing a child to choose a physical activity that they enjoy enables a long term satisfaction (Preston, 2009). According to Harris, Yuill, Luckin, (2007) when an individual engages in activities that are meaningful, it may deliver a suitable level of challenge and interest which encourages mastery-oriented approach. When an individual has a long-term neurological condition, it may have an impact on the choice, control and potential abilities of the individual to engage in occupations which are meaningful (Stadnyk et al., 2010). Therapeutic knowledge is required in making decisions about leisure interest that match the childs abilit ies and interests and meet the familys needs and resources (Rodger, 2010). In conclusion, a holistic approach to working with individuals is paramount and knowledge about socio-cultural issues is required to understand many possible barriers. It is important that occupational therapists focus on the meaning than the purpose when individuals engage within an occupation. It is essential to allow individuals to have the control that allows them to be confident and capable to continue to engage in occupations independently, therefore helps them not to be reliant on others (Duncan, 2011; Crist, 2010). Wilcock, Hocking, (2015) argued that meaning, purpose, control and choice is fundamental for a quality of life, health, and well-being.

Courage to care :: essays research papers

After reading The Courage To Care I believe that Odette Meyers quote â€Å"I do think that good people, simple people are much more complicated than evil people, which is one reason perhaps why we do not bother with them so much.† is true for just about all of the rescuers. If these people were evil, they would have never found the courage to help out so many people. In my opinion, evil people are cowards acting out for attention. Normal, simple people are the human beings with the biggest hearts, most intelligent minds, and the one’s with the most courage. The two rescuers I have found Meyer’s statement to be most true are Marie Chotel aka â€Å"Madame Marie† and Irene Opdyke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Madame Marie was your average, everyday woman. She had a huge heart and a great mind. When she helped rescue Odette and her mother she did what was natural to most simple people. Most simple people would not think twice about what they were doing or just how dangerous it was. It is human nature to protect our family and the people we love. For those that are evil, they think only of themselves. They are truly cowards and do things that good people would not even imagine doing which is why we pay so much attention to them. Marie thought quickly and on her toes when she was helping to rescue the Jews. She held her composure when the search team entered her apartment. She was able to think quickly and give credible answers so that she was believed. In my opinion, that is the sign of an intelligent person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then you have Irene Opdyke who also was your average, simple, and good person. She risked her life to help out and protect the people she cared about. Although the people she helped out were not her family, she considered them just that and did what I believe any good person would do. It is human instinct to help out each other in times of crisis and tragedy. There are go many more good and simple people on this earth that we don’t think twice about what they are doing even when they do something extraordinary. It is the evil people that we look at with puzzled faces and bewilderment. This is why these people get so much attention. It is disbelief on the part of the everyday person.